Psychotherapy designed to cause a patient to cut back or avoid an undesirable
behaviour sample by conditioning the person to associate the behaviour with an
undesirable stimulus. The chief stimuli used within the remedy are electrical,
chemical, or imagined aversive situations. In the electrical therapy, the
affected person is given a frivolously painful shock at any time when the
undesirable behaviour is displayed. This technique has been used within the
treatment of sexual deviations. Within the chemical remedy, the patient is given
a drug that produces disagreeable effects, equivalent to nausea, when combined
with the undesirable behaviour; this method has been frequent within the
treatment of alcoholism, through which the therapeutic drug and the alcohol
together cause the nausea. In covert conditioning, developed by American
psychologist Joseph Cautela, pictures of undesirable behaviour (e.g., smoking)
are paired with photographs of aversive stimuli (e.g., nausea and vomiting) in a
systematic sequence designed to reduce the positive cues that had been related
to the behaviour.
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