MAITRAYANA-BRAHMAYA-UPANISHAD
F1RST PRAPATHAKA.
1. The laying of
the formerly-described sacrificial fires is indeed the sacrifice of Brahman.
Therefore let the sacrificer, after he has laid those fires, meditate on the
Self. Thus only does the sacrificer become complete and faultless.
But who is to be
meditated on? He who is called Prana (breath). Of him there is this story:
2. A King, named
Brihadratha, having established his son in his sovereignty, went into the
forest, because he considered this body as transient, and had obtained freedom
from all desires. Having performed the highest penance, he stands there, with
uplifted arms, looking up to the sun. At the end of a thousand (days), the Saint
Sakayanya, who knew the Self, came near, burning with splendour, like a fire
without smoke. He said to the King: 'Rise, rise! Choose a boon!'
The King, bowing
before him, said: 'O Saint, I know not the Self, thou knowest the essence (of
the Self). We have heard so. Teach it us.'
Sakayanya
replied: 'This was achieved of yore; but what thou askest is difficult to
obtain. O Aikshvaka, choose other pleasures.'
The King,
touching the Saint's feet with his head, recited this Gatha:
3. ‘O Saint, What
is the use of the enjoyment of pleasures in this offensive, pithless body - a
mere mass of bones, skin, sinews, marrow, flesh, seed, blood, mucus, tears,
phlegm, ordure, water, bile, and slime! What is the use of the enjoyment of
pleasures in this body which is assailed by lust, hatred, greed, delusion, fear,
anguish, jealousy, separation from what is loved, union with what is not loved,
hunger, thirst, old age, death, illness, grief, and other evils!
4. And we see
that all this is perishable, as these flies, gnats, and other insects, as herbs
and trees, growing and decaying. And what of these? There are other great ones,
mighty wielders of bows, rulers of empires, Sudyumna, Bhuridyumna, Indradyumna,
Kuvalayasva, Yauvanasva, Vadhryasva, Asvapati, Sasabindu, Hariskandra, Ambarisha,
Nahusha, Ananata, Saryati, Yayati, Anaranya, Ukshasena, &c., and kings such as
Marutta, Bharata (Daushyanti), and others, who before the eyes of their whole
family surrendered the greatest happiness, and passed on from this world to
that. And what of these? There are other great ones. We see the destruction of
Gandharvas, Asuras, Yakshas, Rakshasas, Bhutas, Ganas, Pisakas, snakes, and
vampires. And what of these? There is the drying up of other great oceans, the
falling of mountains, the moving of the pole-star, the cutting of the windropes
(that hold the stars), the submergence of the earth, and the departure of the
gods (suras) from their place. In such a world as this, what is the use of the
enjoyment of pleasures, if he who has fed on them is seen to return (to this
world) again and again! Deign therefore to take me out! In this world I am like
a frog in a dry well. O Saint, thou art my way, thou art my way.'
SECOND PRAPATHAKA.
1. Then the Saint
Sakayanya, well pleased, said to the King: 'Great King Brihadratha, thou banner
of the race of Ikshvaku, quickly obtaining a knowledge of Self, thou art happy,
and art renowned by the name of Marut, the wind'. This indeed is thy Self.'
'Which, O Saint,'
said the King.
Then the Saint
said to him:
2. 'He who,
without stopping the out-breathing, proceeds upwards (from the sthula to the
sukshma sarira), and who, modified (by impressions), and yet not modified,
drives away the darkness (of error), he is the Self. Thus said the Saint Maitri.'
And Sakayanya said to the King Brihadratha: 'He who in perfect rest, rising from
this body (both from the sthula and stikshma), and reaching the highest light',
comes forth in his own form, he is the Self (thus said Sakayanya); this is the
immortal, the fearless, this is Brahman.'
3. 'Now then this
is the science of Brahman, and the science of all Upanishads, O King, which was
told us by the Saint Maitri. I shall tell it to thee :
‘We hear (in the
sacred records) that there were once the Valakhilyas, who had left off all evil,
who were vigorous and passionless. They said to the Pragapati Kratu: "O Saint,
this body is without intelligence, like a cart. To what supernatural being
belongs this great power by which such a body has been made intelligent? Or who
is the driver? What thou knowest, O Saint, tell us that." ' Pragapati answered
and said:
4. 'He who in the
Sruti is called "Standing above," like passionless ascetics, amidst the objects
of the world, he, indeed, the pure, clean, undeveloped, tranquil, breathless,
bodiless, endless, imperishable, firm, everlasting, unborn, independent one,
stands in his own greatness, and by him has this body been made intelligent, and
he is also the driver of it.'
They said: ‘O
Saint, How has this been made intelligent by such a being as this which has no
desires, and how is he its driver?' He answered them and said:
5. 'That Self
which is very small, invisible, incomprehensible, called Purusha, dwells of his
own will here in part; just as a man who is fast asleep awakes of his own will.
And this part (of the Self) which is entirely intelligent, reflected in man (as
the sun in different vessels of water), knowing the body (kshetragnta), attested
by his conceiving, willing, and believing4, is Pragapati (lord of creatures),
called Visva. By him, the intelligent, is this body made intelligent, and he is
the driver thereof.'
They said to him:
‘O Saint, if this has been made intelligent by such a being as this, which has
no desires, and if he is the driver therjeof, how was it?' He answered them and
said:
6. 'In the
beginning Pragapati (the lord of creatures) stood alone. He had no happiness,
when alone. Meditating on himself, he created many creatures. He looked on them
and saw they were, like a stone, without understanding, and stancling like a
lifeless post. He had no happiness. He thought, I shall enter within, that they
may awake. Making himself like air (vayu) he entered within. Being one, he could
not do it. Then dividing himself fivefold, he is called Prana, Apana, Samana,
Udana, Vyana. Now that air which rises tipwards, is Prana. That which moves
downwards, is Apana. That by which these two are supposed to be held, is Vyana.
That which carries the grosser material of food to the Apana, and brings the
subtler material to each limb, has the name Samana. [After these (Prana, Apana,
Samana) comes the work of the Vyana, and between them (the Prana, Apana, and
Samana on one side and the vyana on the other) comes the rising of the Udana.]
That which brings up or carries down what has been drunk and eaten, is the Udana.
Now the Upamsu-vessel
(or prana) depends on the Antaryama-vessel (apana) and the Antaryamavessel (apana)
on the Upamsu-vessel (prana), and between these two the self-resplendent (Self)
produced heat. This heat is the purusha (person), and this purusha is Agni
Vaisvanara. And thus it is said elsewhere: "Agni Vaisvanara is the fire within
man by which the food that is eaten is cooked, i.e. digested. Its noise is that
which one hears, if one covers one's cars. When a man is on the point of
departing this life, he does not hear that noise."
Now he, having
divided himself fivefold, is hidden in a secret place (buddhi), assuming the
nature of mind, having the Pranas as his body, resplendent, having true
concepts, and free like ether. Feeling even thus that he has not attained his
object, he thinks from within the interior of the heart, "Let me enjoy objects."
Therefore, having first broken open these five apertures (of the senses), he
enjoys the objects by means of the five reins. This means that these perceptive
organs (ear, skin, eye, tongue, nose) are his reins; the active organs (tongue
(for speaking), hands, feet, anus, generative organ) his horses; the body his
chariot, the mind the charioteer, the whip being the temperament. Driven by that
whip, this body goes round like the wheel driven by the potter. This body is
made intelligent, and he is the driver thereof.
This is indeed
the Self, who seeming to be filled with desires, and seeming to be overcome by
bright or dark fruits of action, wanders about in every body (himself remaining
free). Because he is not manifest, because he is infinitely small, because he is
invisible, because he cannot be grasped, because he is attached to nothing,
therefore he, seeming to be changing, an agent in that which is not (prakriti),
is in reality not an agent and unchanging. He is pure, firm, stable, undefiled,
unmoved, free from desire, remaining a spectator, resting in himself Having
concealed himself in the cloak of the three qualities he appears as the enjoyer
of rita, as the enjoyer of rita (of his good works).'
THIRD PRAPATHAKA.
1. The
Valakhilyas said to Pragapati Kratu: O Saint, if thou thus showest the greatness
of that Self, then who is that other different one, also called Self, who really
overcome by bright and dark fruits of action, enters on a good or bad birth?
Downward or upward is his course, and overcome by the pairs (distinction between
hot and cold, pleasure and pain, &c.) he roams about.'
2. Pragapati
Kratu replied: 'There is indeed that others different one, called the elemental
Self (Bhutatma), who, overcome by bright and dark fruits of action, enters on a
good or bad birth: downward or upward is his course, and overcome by the pairs
he roams about. And this is his explanation: The five Tanmatras (sound, touch,
form, taste, smell) are called Bhuta; also the five Mahabhutas (gross elements)
are called Bhuta. Then the aggregate of all these is called sarira, body. And
lastly he of whom it was said that he dwelt in the body, he is called Bhutatma,
the elemental Self. Thus his immortal Self is like a drop of water on a lotus
leaf, and he himself is overcome by the qualities of nature. Then, because he is
thus overcome, he becomes bewildered, and because he is bewildered, he saw not
the creator, the holy Lord, abiding within himself. Carried along by the waves
of the qualities, darkened in his imaginations, unstable, fickle, crippled, full
of desires, vacillating, he enters into belief, believing "I am he," "this is
mine;" he binds his Self by his Self, as a bird with a net, and overcome
afterwards by the fruits of what he has done, he enters on a good and bad birth;
downward or upward is his course, and overcome by the pairs he roams about.'
They asked:
'Which is it?' And he answered them:
3. 'This also has
elsewhere been said: He who acts, is the elemental Self; he who causes to act by
means of the organs, is the inner man (antahpurusha). Now as even a ball of
iron, pervaded (overcome) by fire, and hammered by smiths, becomes manifold
(assumes different forms, such as crooked, round, large, small), thus the
elemental Self, pervaded (overcome) by the inner man, and hammered by the
qualities, becomes manifold. And the four tribes (mammals, birds, &c.), the
fourteen worlds (Bhur, &c.), with all the number of beings, multiplied
eighty-four times, all this appears as manifoldness. And those multiplied things
are impelled by man (purusha) as the wheel by the potter. And as when the ball
of iron is hammered, the fire is not overcome, so the (inner) man is not
overcome, but the elemental Self is overcome, because it has united itself (with
the elements).
4. And it has
been said elsewhere: This body produced from marriage, and endowed with growth
in darkness, came forth by the urinary passage, was built up with bones,
bedaubed with flesh, thatched with skin, filled with ordure, urine, bile, slime,
marrow, fat, oil, and many impurities besides, like a treasury full of
treasures.
5. And it has
been said elsewhere: Bewilderment, fear, grief, sleep, sloth, carelessness,
decay, sorrow, hunger, thirst, niggardliness, wrath, infidelity, ignorance,
envy, cruelty, folly, shamelessness, meanness, pride, changeability, these are
the results of the quality of darkness (tamah).
Inward thirst
fondness, passion, covetousness, unkindness, love, hatred, deceit, jealousy,
vain restlessness, fickleness, unstableness, emulation, greed, patronising of
friends, family pride, aversion to disagreeable objects, devotion to agreeable
objects, whispering, prodigality, these are the results of the quality of
passion (ragas).
By these he is
filled, by these he is overcome, and therefore this elemental Self assumes
manifold forms, yes, manifold forms.'
FOURTH PRAPATHAKA.
1. The
Valakhilyas, whose passions were subdued, approached him full of amazement and
said: ‘O Saint, we bow before thee; teach thou, for thou art the way, and there
is no other for us. What process is there for the elemental Self, by which,
after leaving this (identity with the elemental body), he obtains union with the
(true) Self?' PrRgapati Kratu said to them:
2. 'It has been
said elsewhere: Like the waves in large rivers, that which has been done before,
cannot be turned back, and, like the tide of the sea, the approach of death is
hard to stem. Bound by the fetters of the fruits of good and evil, like a
cripple; without freedom, like a man in prison; beset by many fears, like one
standing before Yama (the judge of the dead); intoxicated by the wine of
illusion, like one intoxicated by wine; rushing about, like one possessed by an
evil spirit; bitten by the world, like one bitten by a great serpent; darkened
by passion, like the night; illusory, like magic; false, like a dream; pithless,
like the inside of the Kadali; changing its dress in a moment, like an actor;
fair in appearance, like a painted wall, thus they call him; and therefore it is
said:
Sound, touch, and
other things are like nothings; if the elemental Self is attached to them, it
will not remember the Highest Place.
3. This is indeed
the remedy for the elemental Self: Acquirement of the knowledge of the Veda,
performance of one's own duty, therefore conformity on the part of each man to
the order to which he happens to belong. This is indeed the rule for one's own
duty, other performances are like the mere branches of a stem . Through it one
obtains the Highest above, otherwise one falls downward. Thus is one's own duty
declared, which is to be found in the Vedas. No one belongs truly to an order (asrama)
who transgresses his own law. And if people say, that a man does not belong to
any of the orders, and that he is an ascetic, this is wrong, though, on the
other hand, no one who is not an ascetic brings his sacrificial works to
perfection or obtains knowledge of the Highest Self. For thus it is said:
By ascetic
penance goodness is obtained, from goodness understandino, is reached, from
understanding the Self is obtained, and he who has obtained that, does not
return.
4. "Brahman is,"
thus said one who knew the science of Brahman; and this penance is the door to
Brahman, thus said one who by penance had cast off all sin. The syllable Om is
the rnanifest greatness of Brahman, thus said one who well grounded (in Brahman)
always meditates on it. Therefore by knowledge, by penance, and by meditation is
Brahman gained. Thus one goes beyond Brahman (Hiranyagarbha), and to a divinity
higher than the gods; nay, he who knows this, and worships Brahman by these
three (by knowledge, penance, and meditation), obtains bliss imperishable,
infinite, and unchangeable. Then freed from those things (the senses of the
body, &c.) by which he was filled and overcome, a mere charioteer, he obtains
union with the Self.'
5. The
Valakhilyas said: ‘O Saint, thou art the teacher, thou art the teacher. What
thou hast said, has been properly laid up in our mind. Now answer us a further
question: Agni, Vayu, Aditya, Time (kala) which is Breath (prana), Food (anna),
Brahma, Rudra, Vishnu, thus do some meditate on one, some on another. Say which
of these is the best for us.' He said to them:
6. 'These are but
the chief manifestations of the highest, the immortal, the incorporeal Brahman.
He who is devoted to one, rejoices here in his world (presence), thus he said.
Brahman indeed is all this, and a man may meditate on, worship, or discard also
those which are its chief manifestations. With these (deities) he proceeds to
higher and higher worlds, and when all things perish, he becomes one with the
Purusha, yes, with the Purusha.'
FIFTH PRAPATHAKA.
1. Next follows
Kutsayana's hymn of praise:
'Thou art Brahma,
and thou art Vishnu, thou art Rudra, thou Pragapati, thou art Agni, Varuna, Vayu,
thou art Indra, thou the Moon.
Thou art Anna
(the food or the eater), thou art Yama, thou art the Earth, th-ou art All, thou
art the Imperishable. In thee all things exist in many forms, whether for their
natural or for their own (higher) ends.
Lord of the
Universe, glory to thee! Thou art the Self of All, thou art the maker of All,
the enjoyer of All; thou art all life, and the lord of all pleasure and joy.
Glory to thee, the tranquil, the deeply hidden, the incomprehensible, the
immeasurable, without beginning and without end.'
2. 'In the
beginning darkness (tamas) alone was this. It was in the Highest, and, moved by
the Highest, it becomes uneven. Thus it becomes obscurity (ragas). Then this
obscurity, being moved, becomes uneven. Thus it becomes goodness (sattva). Then
this goodness, being moved, the essence flowed forth. This is that part (or
state of Self) which is entirely intelligent, reflected in man (as the sun is in
different vessels of water) knowing the body (kshetragna), attested by his
conceiving, willing, and believing, it is Pragapati, called Visva. His
manifestations have been declared before. Now that part of him which belongs to
darkness, that, O students, is he who is called Rudra. That part of him which
belongs to obscurity, that, O students, is he who is called Brahma. That part of
him which belongs to goodness, that, O students, is he who is called Vishnu. He
being one, becomes three, becomes eight, becomes eleven, becomes twelve, becomes
infinite. Because I he thus came to be, be is the Being (neut.), he moves about,
having entered all beings, he has become the Lord of all beings. He is the Self
within and without, yes, within and without.'
SIXTH PRAPATRAKA.
1. He (the Self)
bears the Self in two ways, as he who is Prana (breath), and as he who is Aditya
(the sun). Therefore there are two paths for him, within and without, and they
both turn back in a day and night. The Sun is the outer Self, the inner Self is
Breath. Hence the motion of the inner Self is inferred from the motion of the
outer Self . For thus it is said:
'He who knows,
and has thrown off all evil, the overseer of the senses, the pure-minded, firmly
grounded (in the Self) and looking away (from all earthly objects), he is the
same.' Likewise the motion of the outer Self is inferred from the motion of the
inner Self. For thus it is said:
'He who within
the sun is the golden person, who looks upon this earth from his golden place,
he is the same who, after entering the inner lotus of the heart, devours food
(perceives sensuous objects, &c.)'
2. And he who
having entered the inner lotus of the heart, devours food, the same, having gone
to the sky as the fire of the sun, called Time, and being invisible, devours all
beings as his food.
What is that
lotus and of what is it made? (the Valakhilyas ask.)
That lotus is the
same as the ether; the four quarters, and the four intermediate points are its
leaves.
These two, Breath
and the Sun, move on near to each other (in the heart and in the ether). Let him
worship these two, with the syllable Om, with the Vyahriti words (Bhuh, bhuvah,
svar), and with the Savitri hymn.
3. There are two
forms of Brahman, the material (effect) and the immaterial (cause). The material
is false, the immaterial is true. That which is true is Brahman, that which is
Brahman is light, and that which is light is the Sun. And this Sun became the
Self of that Om.
He divided
himself threefold, for Om consists of three letters, a+u+m. Through them all
this is contained in him as warp and woof. For thus it is said:
'Meditate on that
Sun as Om, join your Self (the breath) with the (Self of the) Sun.'
4. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: The Udgitha (of the Sama-veda) is the Pranava (of the
Rig-veda), and the Pranava is the Udgitha, and thus the Sun is Udgitha, and he
is Pranava or Om. For thus it is said:
'The Udgitha,
called Pranava, the leader (in the performance of sacrifices), the bright, the
sleepless, free from old age and death, three-footed, consisting of three
letters (a+u+m), and likewise to be known as fivefold (five Pranas) placed in
the cave.' And it is also said:
'The three-footed
Brahman has its root upward, the branches are ether, wind, fire, water, earth,
&c. This one Asvattha by name, the world, is Brahman, and of it that is the
light which is called the Sun, and it is also the light of that syllable Om.
Therefore let him for ever worship that (breath and sun, as manifestations of
Brahman) with the syllable Om.'
He alone
enlightens us. For thus it is said:
'This alone is
the Pure syllable, this alone is the highest syllable; he who knows that
syllable only, whatever he desires, is his.'
5. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: This Om is the sound-endowed body of him (Pranadityatman).
This is his gender-endowed body, viz. feminine, masculine, neuter. This is his
light-endowed body, viz. Agni, Vayu, Aditya. This is his lord-endowed body, viz.
Brahma, Rudra, Vishnu. This is his mouth-endowed body, viz. Garhapatya,
Dakshinagni, Ahavaniya. This is his knowledge-endowed body, viz. Rik, Yagus,
Saman. This is his world-endowed body, viz. Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar. This is his
time-endowed body, viz. Past, Present, Future. This is his heat-endowed body,
viz. Breath, Fire, Sun. This is his growth-endowed body, viz. Food, Water, Moon.
This is his thought-endowed body, viz. intellect, mind, personality. This is his
breath-endowed body, viz. Prana, Apana, Vyana. Therefore by the aforesaid
syllable Om are all these here enumerated bodies praised and identified (with
the Pranadityatman). For thus it is said:
‘O Satyakama, the
syllable Om is the high and the low Brahman.'
6. This (world)
was unuttered. Then forsooth Pragapati, having brooded, uttered it in the words
Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar. This is the grossest body of that Pragapati, consisting of
the three worlds. Of that body Svar is the head, Bhuvah the navel, Bhuh the
feet, the sun the eye. For in the eye is fixed man's great measure, because with
the eye he makes all measurements. The eye is truth (satyam), for the person (purusha)
dwelling in the eye proceeds to all things (knows all objects with certainty).
Therefore let a man worship with the Vyahritis, Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar, for thus
Pragapati, the Self of All, is worshipped as the (sun, the) Eye of All. For thus
it is said:
'This (the sun)
is Pragapati's all-supporting body, for in it this all is hid (by the light of
the sun); and in this all it (the light) is hid. Therefore this is worshipped.'
7. (The Savitri
begins:) Tat Savitur varenyam, i.e. 'this of Savitri, to be chosen.' Here the
Aditya (sun) is Savitri, and the same is to be chosen by the love(r) of Self,
thus say the Brahma-teachers.
(Then follows the
next foot in the Savitri): Bhargo devasya dhimahi, i.e. 'the splendour of the
god we meditate on.' Here the god is Savitri, and therefore he who is called his
splendour, him I meditate on, thus say the Brahma-teachers.
(Then follows the
last foot): Dhiyo yo nah prakodayat, i.e. 'who should stir up our thoughts.'
Here the dhiyah are thoughts, and he should stir these up for us, thus say the
Brahrna-teachers.
(He now explains
the word bhargas). Now he who is called bhargas is he who is placed in yonder
Aditya (sun), or he who is the pupil in the eye. And he is so called, because
his going (gati) is by rays (bhabhih); or becau-se he parches (bhargayati) and
makes the world to shrivel up. Rudra is called Bhargas, thus say the
Brahma-teachers. Or bha means that he lights up these worlds; ra, that he
delights these beings, ga that these creatures go to him and come from him;
therefore being a bha-ra-ga, he is called Bhargas.
Surya (sun) is so
called, because Soma is continually squeezed out (su). Savitri (sun) is so
called, because he brings forth (su). Aditya (sun) is so called, because he
takes up (ada, scil. vapour, or the life of man). Pavana is so called, because
he purifies (pu). Apas, water, is so called, because it nourishes (pya).
And it is said:
'Surely the Self
(absorbed in Prana, breath), which is called Immorta1, is the thinker, the
perceiver, the goer, the evacuator, the delighter, the doer, the speaker, the
taster, the srneller, the seer, the hearer, and he touches. He is Vibhu (the
pervader), who has entered into the body.' And it is said:
'When the
knowledge is twofold (subjective and objective), then he hears, sees, smells,
tastes, and touches (something), for it is the Self that knows everything.'
But when the
knowledge is not twofold (subjective only), without effect, cause, and action,
without a name, without a comparison, without a predicate what is that? It
cannot be told.
8. And the same
Self is also called Isana (lord), Sambhu, Bhava, Rudra (tamasa); Pragapati (lord
of creatures), Visvasrig, (creator of all), Hiranyagarbha, Satyam (truth), Prana
(breath), Hamsa (ragasa); Sastri (ruler), Vishnu, Narayana (sattvika); Arka,
Savitri, Dhatri (supporter), Vidhatri (creator), Samrag (king), Indra, Indu
(moon). He is also he who warms, the Sun, hidden by the thousand-eyed golden
egg, as one fire by another. He is to be thought after, he is to be sought
after. Having said farewell to all living beings, having gone to the forest, and
having renounced all sensuous objects, let man perceive the Self from his own
body.
'(See him) who
assumes all forms, the golden, who knows all things, who ascends highest, alone
in his splendour, and warms us; the thousand-rayed, who abides in a hundred
places, the spirit of all creatures, the Sun, rises.'
9. Therefore he
who by knowing this has become the Self of both Breath and Sun, meditates (while
meditating on them) on his Self, sacrifices (while sacrificing to them) to his
Self-this meditation, the mind thus absorbed in these acts, is praised by the
wise.
Then let him
purify the contamination of the mind by the verse Ukkhishtopahatam, &c.: 'Be it
food left, or food defiled by left food, be it food given by a sinner, food
coming from a dead person, or from one impure from childbirth, may the purifying
power of Vasu, may Agni, and the rays of Savitri, purify it, and all my sin.'
First (before
eating) he surrounds (the offered food) with water (in rincing his mouth). Then
saying, Svaha to Prana, Svaha to Apana, Svaha to Vyana, Svaha to Samana, Svaha
to Udana, he offers (the food) with five invocations (in the fire of the mouth).
What is over, he eats in silence, and then he surrounds (the food) once more
afterwards with water (rincing the mouth after his meal). Having washed let him,
after sacrificing to himself, meditate on his Self with these two verses, Prano
'gnik and Visvo 'si, viz. 'May the Highest Self as breath, as fire (digestive
heat), as consisting of the five vital airs, having entered (the body), himself
satisfied, satisfy all, he who protects all.' 'Thou art Visva (all), thou art
Vaisvanara (fire), all that is born is upheld by thee; may all offerings enter
into thee; creatures live where thou grantest immortality to all.' He who eats
according to this rule, does not in turn become food for others.
10. There is
something else to be known. There is a further modification of this
Self-sacrifice (the eating), namely, the food and the eater thereof. This is the
explanation. The thinking Purusha (person), when he abides within the Pradhana
(nature), is the feeder who feeds on the food supplied by Prakriti (nature). The
elemental Self is truly his food, his maker being Pradhana (nature). Therefore
what is composed of the three qualities (gunas) is the food, but the person
within is the feeder. And for this the evidence is supplied by the senses. For
animals spring from seed, and as the seed is the food, therefore it is clear
that what is food is Pradhana (the seed or cause of everything). Therefore as
has been said, the Purusha (person) is the eater, Prakriti, the food; and
abiding within it he feeds. All that begins with the Mahat (power of intellect)
and ends with the Viseshas (elements), being developed from the distinction of
nature with its three qualities, is the sign (that there must be a Purusha, an
intelligent subject). And in this manner the way with its fourteen steps has
been explained. (This is comprehended in the following verse): 'This world is
indeed the food, called pleasure, pain, and error (the result of the three
qualities); there is no laying hold of the taste of the seed (cause), so long as
there is no development (in the shape of effect).' And in its three stages also
it has the character of food, as childhood, youth, and old age; for, because
these are developed, therefore there is in them the character of food.
And in the
following manner does the perception of Pradhana (nature) take place, after it
has become manifest:-Intellect and the rest, such as determination, conception,
consciousness, are for the tasting (of the effects of Pradhana). Then there are
the five (perceptive organs) intended for the (five) objects of senses, for to
taste them. And thus are all acts of the five active organs, and the acts of the
five Pranas or vital airs (for the tasting of their corresponding objects). Thus
what is manifest (of nature) is food, and what is not manifest is food. The
enjoyer of it is without qualities, but because he has the quality of being an
enjoyer, it follows that he possesses intelligence.
As Agni (fire) is
the food-eater among the gods, and Soma the food, so he who knows this eats food
by Agni (is not defiled by food, as little as Agni, the sacrificial fire). This
elemental Self, called Soma (food), is also called Agni, as having undeveloped
nature for its mouth (as enjoying through nature, and being independent of it),
because it is said, 'The Purusha (person) enjoys nature with its three
qualities, by the mouth of undeveloped nature.' He who knows this, is an
ascetic, a yogin, he is a performer of the Self-sacrifice (see before). And he
who does not touch the objects of the senses when they intrude on him, as no one
would touch women intruding into an empty house, he is an ascetic, a yogin, a
performer of the Self-sacrifice.
11. This is the
highest form of Self, viz. food, for this Prana (this body) subsists on food. If
it eats not, it cannot perceive, hear, touch, see, smell, taste, and it loses
the vital airs. For thus it is said:
'If it eats, then
in full possession of the vital airs, it can perceive, hear, touch, speak,
taste, smell, see.' And thus it is said:
'From food are
born all creatures that live on earth; afterwards they live on food, and in the
end (when they die) they return to it.'
12. And thus it
is said elsewhere: Surely all these creatures run about day and night, wishing
to catch food. The sun takes food with his rays, and by it he shines. These
vital airs digest, when sprinkled with food. Fire flares up by food, and by
Brahma (Pragapati), desirous of food, has all this been made. Therefore let a
man worship food as his Self. For thus it is said:
'From food
creatures are born, by food they grow when born; because it is eaten and because
it eats creatures, therefore it is called food (annam).'
13. And thus it
is said elsewhere: This food is the body of the blessed Vishnu, called
Visvabhrit (all-sustaining). Breath is the essence of food, mind of breath,
knowledge of mind, joy of knowledge. He who knows this is possessed of food,
breath, mind, knowledge, and joy. Whatever creatures here on earth eat food,
abiding in them he, who knows this, eats food. Food has been called undecaying,
food has been called worshipful; food is the breath of animals, food is the
oldest, food has been called the physician.
14. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: Food is the cause of all this, time of food, and the
sun is the cause of time. The (visible) form of time is the year, consisting of
twelve months, made up of Nimeshas (twinklings) and other measures. Of the year
one half (when the sun moves northward) belongs to Agni, the other to Varuna
(when the sun moves southward). That which belongs to Agni begins with the
asterism of Magha and ends with half of the asterism of Sravishtha, the sun
stepping down northward. That which belongs to Soma (instead of Varuna) begins
with the asterism (of Aslesha), sacred to the Serpents, and ends with half of
the asterism of Sravishtha, the sun stepping up southward. And then there (are
the months) one by one, belonging to the year, each consisting of nine-fourths
of asterisms (two asterisms and a quarter being the twelfth part of the passage
of the sun through the twenty-seven Nakshatras), each deter mined by the sun
moving together with the asterisms. Because time is imperceptible by sense,
therefore this (the progress of the stin, &c.) is its evidence, and by it alone
is time proved to exist. Without proof there is no apprehension of what is to be
proved; but even what is to be proved can become proof, for the sake of making
itself known, if the parts (the twinklings, &c.) can be distinguished from the
whole (time). For thus it is said:
'As many portions
of time as there are, through them the sun proceeds: he who worships time as
Brahman, from him time moves away very far.' And thus it is said:
'From time all
beings flow, from time they grow; in time they obtain rest; time is visible
(sun) and invisible (moments).'
15 . There are
two forms of Brahman, time and non-time. That which was before the (existence of
the) sun is non-time and has no parts. That which had its beginning from the sun
is time and has parts. Of that which has parts, the year is the form, and from
the year are born all creatures; when produced by the year they grow, and go
again to rest in the year. Therefore the year is Pragapati, is time, is food, is
the nest of Brahman, is Self. Thus it is said:
'Time ripens and
dissolves all beings in the great Self, but he who knows into what time itself
is dissolved, he is the knower of the Veda.'
16. This manifest
time is the great ocean of creatures. He who is called Savitri (the sun, as
begetter) dwells in it, from whence the moon, stars, planets, the year, and the
rest are begotten. From them again comes all this, and thus, whatever of good or
evil is seen in this world, comes from them. Therefore Brahman is the Self of
the sun, and a man should worship the sun under the name of time. Some say the
sun is Brahman, and thus it is said:
'The sacrificer,
the deity that enjoys the sacrifice, the oblation, the hymn, the sacrifice,
Vishnu, Pragapati, all this is the Lord, the witness, that shines in yonder
orb.'
17. In the
beginning Brahman was all this. He was one, and infinite; infinite in the East,
infinite in the South, infinite in the West, infinite in the North, above and
below and everywhere infinite. East and the other regions do not exist for him,
nor across, nor below, nor above. The Highest Self is not to be fixed, he is
unlimited, unborn, not to be reasoned about, not to be conceived. He is like the
ether (everywhere), and at the destruction of the universe, he alone is awake.
Thus from that ether he wakes all this world, which consists of thought only,
and by him alone is all this meditated on, and in him it is dissolved. His is
that luminous form which shines in the sun, and the manifold light in the
smokeless fire, and the heat which in the stomach digests the food. Thus it is
said:
'He who is in the
fire, and he who is in the heart, and he who is in the sun, they are one and the
same.'
He who knows this
becomes one with the one.
18. This is the
rule for achieving it (viz. concentration of the mind on the object of
meditation): restraint of the breath, restraint of the senses, meditation, fixed
attention, investigation, absorption, these are called the sixfold Yoga. When
beholding by this Yoga, he beholds the gold-coloured maker, the lord, the
person, Brahrnan, the cause, then the sage, leaving behind good and evil, makes
everything (breath, organs of sense, body, &c.) to be one in the Highest
Indestructible (in the pratyagatman or Brahman). And thus it is said:
'As birds and
deer do not approach a burning mountain, so sins never approach those who know
Brahman.'
19. And thus it
is said elsewhere: When he who knows has, while he is still Prana (breath),
restrained his mind, and placed all objects of the senses far away from himself,
then let him remain without any conceptions. And because the living person,
called Prana (breath), has been produced here on earth from that which is not
Prana (the thinking Self), therefore let this Prana merge the Pratia (himself)
in what is called the fourth'. And thus it is said:
'What is without
thought, though placed in the centre of thought, what cannot be thought, the
hidden, the highest-let a man merge his thought there: then will this living
being (lifiga) be without attachment.'
20. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: There is the superior fixed attention (dharana) for
him, viz. if he presses the tip of the tongue down the palate and restrains
voice, mind, and breath, he sees Brahman by discrimination (tarka). And when,
after the cessation of mind, he sees his own Self, smaller than small, and
shining, as the Highest Self, then having seen his Self as the Self, he becomes
Self-less, and because he is Self-less, he is without limit, without cause,
absorbed in thought. This is the highest mystery, viz. final liberation. And
thus it is said:
'Through the
serenity of the thought he kills all actions, good or bad; his Self serene,
abiding in the Self, obtains imperishable bliss.'
21. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: The artery, called Sushumna, going upwards (from the
heart to the Brahmarandhra), serving as the passage of the Prana, is divided
within the palate. Through that artery, when it has been joined by the breath
(held in subjection), by the sacred syllable Om, and by the mind (absorbed in
the contemplation of Brahman), let him proceed upwards, and after turning the
tip of the tongue to the palate, without using any of the organs of sense, let
greatness perceive greatness. From thence he goes to selflessness, and through
selflessness he ceases to be an enjoyer of pleasure and pain, he obtains
aloneness (kevalatva, final deliverance). And thus it is said:
'Having
successively fixed the breath, after it had been restrained, in the palate,
thence having crossed the limit (the life), let him join himself afterwards to
the limitless (Brahman) in the crown of the head.'
22. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: Two Brahmans have to be meditated on, the word and the
non-word. By the word alone is the non-word revealed. Now there is the word Om.
Moving upward by it (where all words and all what is meant by them ceases), he
arrives at absorption in the non-word (Brahman). This is the way, this is the
immortal, this is union, and this is bliss. And as the spider, moving upward by
the thread, gains free space, thus also he who meditates, moving upward by the
syllable Orn, gains independence.
Other teachers of
the word (as Brahman) think otherwise. They listen to the sound of the ether
within the heart while they stop the ears with the thumbs. They compare it to
seven noises, like rivers, like a bell, like a brazen vessel, like the wheels of
a carriage, like the croaking of frogs, like rain, and as if a man speaks in a
cavern. Having passed beyond this variously apprehended sound, and having
settled in the supreme, soundless (non-word), unmanifested Brahman, they become
undistinguished and undistinguishable, as various flavours of the flowers are
lost in the taste of honey. And thus it is said:
'Two Brahmans are
to be known, the word-Brahman and the highest Brahman; he who is perfect in the
word-Brahman attains the highest Brahman.'
23. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: The syllable Om is what is called the word. And its end
is the silent, the soundless, fearless, sorrowless, joyful, satisfied, firm,
unwavering, immortal, immovable, certain (Brahman), called Vishnu. Let him
worship these two, that he may obtain what is higher than everything (final
deliverance). For thus it is said:
'He who is the
high and the highest god, by name Om-kara, he is soundless and free from all
distinctions: therefore let a man dwell on him in the crown of his head.'
24. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: The body is the bow, the syllable Om is the arrow, its
point is the mind. Having cut through the darkness, which consists of ignorance,
it approaches that which is not covered by darkness. Then having cut through
that which was covered (the personal soul), he saw Brahman, flashing like a
wheel on fire, bright like the sun, vigorous, beyond all darkness, that which
shines forth in yonder sun, in the moon, in the fire, in the lightning. And
having seen him, he obtains immortality. And thus it has been said:
'Meditation is
directed to the highest Being (Brahman) within, and (before) to the objects
(body, Om, mind); thence the indistinct understanding becomes distinct.
And when the
works of the mind are dissolved, then that bliss which requires no other
witness, that is Brahman (Atman), the immortal, the brilliant, that is the way,
that is the (true) world.'
25. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: He who has his senses hidden as in sleep, and who,
while in the cavern of his senses (his body), but no longer ruled by them, sees,
as in a dream, with the purest intellect, Him who is called Pranava (Om), the
leader, the bright, the sleepless, free from old age, from death, and sorrow, he
is himself also called Pranava, and becomes a leader, bright, sleepless, free
from old age, from death, and sorrow. And thus it is said:
'Because in this
manner he joins the Prana (breath), the Om, and this Universe in its-manifold
forms, or because they join themselves (to him), therefore this (process of
meditation) is called Yoga (joining).
The oneness of
breath, mind, and senses, and then the surrendering of all conceptions, that is
called Yoga.'
26. And thus it
has also been said elsewhere: As a sportsman, after drawing out the denizens of
the waters with a net, offers them (as a sacrifice) in the fire of his stomach,
thus are these Pranas (vital airs), after they have been drawn out with the
syllable Om, offered in the faultless fire (Brahman).
Hence he is like
a heated vessel (full of clarified butter); for as the clarified butter in the
heated vessel lights up, when touched with grass and sticks, thus does this
being which is called Not-breath (Atman) light up, when touched by the Pranas
(the vital airs). And that which flares up, that is the manifest form of
Brahman, that is the highest place of Vishnu, that is the essence of Rudra. And
this, dividing his Self in endless ways, fills all these worlds. And thus it is
said:
'As the sparks
from the fire, and as the rays from the sun, thus do his Pranas and the rest in
proper order again and again proceed from him here on earth.’
27. And thus it
has also been said elsewhere: This is the heat of the highest, the immortal, the
incorporeal Brahman, viz. the warmth of the body. And this body is the clarified
butter (poured on it, by which the heat of Brahman, otherwise invisible, is
lighted up). Then, being manifest, it is placed in the ether (of the heart).
Then by concentration they thus remove that ether which is within the heart, so
that its light appears, as it were. Therefore the worshipper becomes identified
with that light without much delay. As a ball of iron, if placed in the earth,
becomes earth without much delay, and as, when it has once become a clod of
earth, fire and smiths have nothing more to do with that ball of iron, thus does
thought (without delay) disappear, together with its support. And thus it is
said:
'The shrine which
consists of the ether in the heart, the blissful, the highest retreat, that is
our own, that is our goal, and that is the heat and brightness of the fire and
the sun.'
28. And thus it
has been said elsewhere: After having left behind the body, the organs of sense,
and the objects of sense (as no longer belonging to us), and having seized the
bow whose stick is fortitude and whose string is asceticism, having struck down
also with the arrow, which consists in freedom from egotism, the first guardian
of the door of Brahman(for if man looks at the world egotistically, then, taking
the diadem of passion, the earrings of greed and envy, and the staff of,sloth,
sleep, and sin, and having seized the bow whose string is anger, and whose stick
is lust' he destroys with the arrow which consists of wishes, all beings) -
having therefore killed that guardian, he crosses by means of the boat Om to the
other side of the ether within the heart, and when the ether becomes revealed
(as Brahman), he enters slowly, as a miner seeking minerals in a mine, into the
Hall of Brahman. After that let him, by means of the doctrine of his teacher,
break through the shrine of Brahman'which consists of the four nets (of food,
breath, mind, knowledge, till he reaches the last shrine, that of blessedness
and identity with Brahman). Thenceforth pure, clean, undeveloped, tranquil,
breathless, bodiless, endless, imperishable, firm, everlasting, unborn and
independent, he stands on his own greatness, and having seen (the Self),
standing in his own greatness, he looks on the wheel of the world as one (who
has alighted from a chariot) looks on its revolving wheel. And thus it is said:
'If a man
practises Yoga for six months and is thoroughly free (from the outer world),
then the perfect Yoga (union), which is endless, high, and hidden, is
accomplished.
But if a man,
though well enlightened (by instruction), is still pierced by (the gunas of)
passion and darkness, and attached to his children, wife, and house, then
perfect Yoga is never accomplished.'
29. After he had
thus spoken (to Brihadratha), Sakayanya, absorbed in thought, bowed before him,
and said: ‘O King, by means of this Brahma-knowledge have the sons of Pragapati
(the Valakhilyas) gone to the road of Brahman. Through the practice of Yoga a
man obtains contentment, power to endure good and evil, and tranquillity. Let no
man preach this most secret doctrine to any one who is not his son or his pupil,
and who is not of a serene mind. To him alone who is devoted to his teacher
only, and endowed with all necessary qualities, may he communicate it.
30. Om! Having
settled down in a pure place let him, being pure himself, and firm in goodness,
study the truth, speak the truth, think the truth, and offer sacrifice to the
truth. Henceforth he has become another; by obtaining the reward of Brahman his
fetters are cut asunder, he knows no hope, no fear from others as little as from
himself, he knows no desires; and having attained imperishable, infinite
happiness, he stands blessed in the true Brahman, who longs for a true man.
Freedom from desires is, as it were, the highest prize to be taken from the best
treasure (Brahman). For a man full of all desires, being possessed of will,
imagination, and belief, is a slave; but he who is the opposite, is free.
Here some say, it
is the Guna (i. e. the so-called Mahat, the principle of intellect which,
according to the Sankhyas, is the result of the Gunas or qualities), which,
through the differences of nature (acquired in the former states of existence),
goes into bondage to the will, and that deliverance takes place (for the Guna)
when the fault of the will has been removed. (But this is not our view), because
(call it guna, intellect, buddhi, manas, mind, ahankara, egotism, it is not the
mind that acts, but) he sees by the mind (as his instrument), he hears by the
mind; and all that we call desire, imagination, doubt, belief, unbelief,
certainty, uncertainty, shame, thought, fear, all that is but mind (manas).
Carried along by the waves of the qualities, darkened in his imaginations,
unstable, fickle, crippled, full of desires, vacillating, he enters into belief,
believing I am he, this is mine, and he binds his Self by his Self, as a bird
with a net. Therefore a man, being possessed of will, imagination, and belief,
is a slave, but he who is the opposite is free. For this reason let a man stand
free from will, imagination, and belief-this is the sign of liberty, this is the
path that leads to Brahman, this is the opening of the door, and through it he
will go to the other shore of darkness. All desires are there fulfilled. And for
this they quote a verse:
"When the five
instruments of knowledge stand still together with the mind, and when the
intellect does not move, that is called the highest state."'
Having thus said,
sakayanya became absorbed in thought. Then Marut (i. e. the King Brihadratha),
having bowed before him and duly worshipped him, went full of contentment to the
Northern Path, for there is no way thither by any side-road. This is the path to
Brahman. Having burst open the solar door, he rose on high and went away. And
here they quote:
'There are
endless rays (arteries) for the Self who, like a lamp, dwells in the heart:
white and black, brown and blue, tawny and reddish.
One of them (the
Sushumna) leads upwards, piercing the solar orb: by it, having stepped beyond
the world of Brahman, they go to the highest path.
The other hundred
rays rise upwards also, and on them the worshipper reaches the mansions
belonging to the different bodies of gods.
But the manifest
rays of dim colour which lead downwards, by them a man travels on and on
helplessly, to enjoy the fruits of his actions here.'
Therefore it is
said that the holy Aditya (sun) is the cause of new births (to those who do not
worship him), of heaven (to those who worship him as a god), of liberty (to
those who worship him as Brahman).
31. Some one
asks: 'Of what nature are those organs of sense that go forth (towards their
objects)? Who sends them out here, or who holds them back?'
Another answers:
'Their nature is the Self; the Self sends them out, or holds them back; also the
Apsaras (enticing objects of sense), and the solar rays (and other deities
presiding over the senses).'
Now the Self
devours the objects by the five rays (the organs of sense); then who is the
Self?
He who has been
defined by the terms pure, clean, undeveloped, tranquil, &c., who is to be
apprehended independently by his own peculiar signs. That sign of him who has no
signs, is like what the pervading heat is of fire, the purest taste of water;
thus say some. It is speech, hearing, sight, mind, breath; thus say others. It
is intellect, retention, remembering, knowledge; thus say others. Now all these
are signs of the Self in the same sense in which here on earth shoots are the
signs of seed, or smoke, light, and sparks of fire. And for this they quote:
'As the sparks
from the fire, and as the rays from the sun, thus do his Pranas and the rest in
proper order again and again proceed from him here on earth.'
32. From this
very Self, abiding within his Self, come forth all Pranas (speech, &c.), all
worlds, all Vedas, all gods and all beings; its Upanishad (revelation) is that
it is 'the true of the true.' Now as from a fire of greenwood,when kindled,
clouds of smoke come forth by themselves (though belonging to the fire), thus
from that great Being has been breathed forth all this which is the Rig-veda,
the Yagur-veda, the Sama-veda, the Atharvangirasas (Atharva-veda), the Itihasa
(legendary stories), the Purana (accounts of the creation, &c.), Vidya
(ceremonial doctrines), the Upanishads, the Slokas (verses interspersed in the
Upanishads, &c.), the Sutras (compendious statements), the Anuvyakhyanas
(explanatory notes), the Vyakhyanas (elucidations) - all these things are his.
33. This fire
(the Garhapatya-fire) with five bricks is the year. And its five bricks are
spring, summer, rainy season, autumn, winter; and by them the fire has a head,
two sides, a centre, and a tail. This earth (the Garhapatya-fire) here is the
first sacrificial pile for Pragapati, who knows the Purusha (the Virag). It
presented the sacrificer to Vayu (the wind) by lifting him with the hands to the
sky. That Vayu is Prana (Hiranyagarbha).
Prana is Agni
(the Dakshinagni-fire), and its bricks are the five vital breaths, Prana, Vyana,
Apana, Samana, Udana; and by them the fire has a head, two sides, a centre, and
a tail. This sky (the Dakshinagni-fire) here is the second sacrificial pile for
Pragapati, who knows the Purusha. It presented the sacrificer to Indra, by
lifting him with the hands to heaven. That Indra is Aditya, the sun.
That (Indra) is
the Agni (the Ahavaniya-fire) and its bricks are the Rik, the Yagush, the Saman,
the Atharvangirasas, the Itihasa, and the Purana; and by them the fire has a
head, two sides, a tail, and a centre. This heaven (Ahavaniya-fire) is the third
sacrificial pile for Pragapati, who knows the Purusha. With the hands it makes a
present of the sacrificer to the Knower of the Self (Pragapati); then the Knower
of the Self, lifting him up, presented him to Brahman. In him he becomes full of
happiness and joy.
34. The earth is
the Garhapatya-fire, the sky the Dakshina-fire, the heaven the Ahavaniya-fire;
and therefore they are also the Pavamana (pure), the Pavaka (purifying), and the
Suki (bright). By this (by the three deities, Pavamana, Pavaka, and Suki) the
sacrifice (of the three fires, the Garhapatya, Dakshina, and Ahavaniya) is
manifested. And because the digestive fire also is a compound of the Pavamana,
Pavaka, and Suki, therefore that fire is to receive oblations, is to be laid
with bricks, is to be praised, and to be meditated on. The sacrificer, when he
has seized the oblation, wishes to perform his meditation of the deity:
'The gold-coloured
bird abides in the heart, and in the sun-a diver bird, a swan, strong in
splendour; him we worship in the fire.'
Having recited
the verse, he discovers its meaning, viz. the adorable splendour of Savitri
(sun) is to be meditated on by him who, abiding within his mind, meditates
thereon. Here he attains the place of rest for the mind, he holds it within his
own Self. On this there are the following verses:
(1) As a fire
without fuel becomes quiet in its place, thus do the thoughts, when all activity
ceases, become quiet in their place.
(2) Even in a
mind which loves the truth and has gone to rest in itself there arise, when it
is deluded by the objects of sense, wrongs resulting from former acts.
(3) For thoughts
alone cause the round of births; let a man strive to purify his thoughts. What a
man thinks, that he is: this is the old secret.
(4) By the
serenity of his thoughts a man blots out all actions, whether good or bad.
Dwelling within his Self with serene thoughts, he obtains imperishable
happiness.
(5) If the
thoughts of a man were so fixed on Brahman as they are on the things of this
world, who would not then be freed from bondage?
(6) The mind, it
is said, is of two kinds, pure or impure; impure from the contact with lust,
pure when free from lust.
(7) When a man,
having freed his mind from sloth, distraction, and vacillation, becomes as it
were delivered from his mind, that is the highest point.
(8) The mind must
be restrained in the heart till it comes to an end;-that is knowledge, that is
liberty: all the rest are extensions of the ties (which bind us to this life).
(9) That
happiness which belongs to a mind which by deep meditation has been washed clean
from all impurity and has entered within the Self, cannot be described here by
words; it can be felt by the inward power only.
(10) Water in
water, fire in fire, ether in ether, no one can distinguish them; likewise a man
whose mind has entered (till it cannot be distinguished from the Self), attains
liberty.
(11 Mind alone is
the cause of bondage and liberty for men; if attached to the world, it becomes
bound; if free from the world, that is liberty.
Therefore those
who do not offer the Agnihotra (as described above), who do not lay the fires
(with the bricks, as described above), who are ignorant (of the mind being the
cause of the round of births), who do not meditate (on the Self in the solar
orb) are debarred from remembering the ethereal place of Brahman. Therefore that
fire is to receive oblations, is to be laid with bricks, is to be praised, to be
meditated on.
35. Adoration to
Agni, the dweller on earth, who remembers his world. Grant that world to this
thy worshipper!
Adoration to Vayu,
the dweller in the sky, who remembers his world. Grant that world to this thy
worshipper!
Adoration to
Aditya, the dweller in heaven, who remembers his world. Grant that world to this
thy worshipper!
Adoration to
Brahman, who dwells everywhere, who remembers all. Grant all to this thy
worshipper!
The mouth of the
true (Brahman) is covered with a golden lid; open that, O Pushan (sun), that we
may go to the true one, who pervades all (Vishnu).
He who is the
person in the sun, I am he.
And what is meant
by the true one is the essence of the sun, that which is bright, personal,
sexless; a portion (only) of the light which pervades the ether; which is, as it
were, in the midst of the sun, and in the eye, and in the fire. That is Brahman,
that is immortal, that is splendour.
That is the true
one, a portion (only) of the light which pervades the ether, which is in the
midst of the sun, the immortal, of which Soma (the moon) and the vital breaths
also are offshoots: that is Brahman, that is immortal, that is splendour.
That is the true
one, a portion (only) of the light which pervades the ether, which in the midst
of the sun shines as Yagus, viz. as Om, as water, light, essence, immortal,
Brahman, Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar, Om.
'The
eight-footed, the bright, the swan, bound with three threads, the infinitely
small, the imperishable, blind for good and evil, kindled with light-he who sees
him, sees everything.'
A portion (only)
of the light which pervades the ether, are the two rays rising in the midst of
the sun. That is the knower (the Sun), the true one. That is the Yagus, that is
the heat, that is Agni (fire), that is Vayu (wind), that is breath, that is
water, that is the moon, that is bright, that is immortal, that is the place of
Brahman, that is the ocean of light. In that ocean the sacrificers are dissolved
like salt, and that is oneness with Brahman, for all desires are there
fulfilled. And here they quote:
'Like a lamp,
moved by a gentle wind, he who dwells within the gods shines forth. He who knows
this, he is the knower, he knows the difference (between the high and the
highest Brahman); having obtained unity, he becomes identified with it.
They who rise up
in endless number, like spray drops (from the sea), like lightnings from the
light within the clouds in the highest heaven, they, when they have entered into
the light of glory (Brahman), appear like so many flame-crests in the track of
fire.'
36. There are two
manifestations of the Brahma-light: one is tranquil, the other lively. Of that
which is tranquil, the ether is the support; of that which is lively, food.
Therefore (to the former) sacrifice must be offered on the house-altar with
hymns, herbs, ghee, meat, cakes, sthalipaka, and other things; to the latter,
with meat and drinks (belonging to the great sacrifices) thrown into the mouth,
for the mouth is the Ahavaniya-fire; and this is done to increase our bodily
vigour, to gain the world of purity, and for the sake of immortality. And here
they quote:
'Let him who
longs for heaven, offer an Agnihotra. By an Agnishtoma he wins the kingdom of
Yama; by Uktha, the kingdom of Soma; by a Shodasin-sacrifice, the kingdom of
Surya; by an Atiratra-sacrifice, the kingdom of Indra; by the sacrifices
beginning with the twelve-night sacrifice and ending with the thousand years'
sacrifice, the world of Pragapati.
As a lamp burns
so long as the vessel that holds the wick is filled with oil, these two, the
Self and the bright Sun, remain so long as the egg (of the world) and he who
dwells within it hold together.'
37. Therefore let
a man perform all these ceremonies with the syllable Om (at the beginning). Its
splendour is endless, and it is declared to be threefold, in the fire (of the
altar), in the sun (the deity), in the breath (the sacrificer). Now this is the
channel to increase the food, which makes what is offered in the fire ascend to
the sun. The sap which flows from thence, rains down as with the sound of a
hymn. By it there are vital breaths, from them there is offspring. And here they
quote:
'The offering
which is offered in the fire, goes to the sun; the sun rains it down by his
rays; thus food comes, and from food the birth of living beings.'
And thus he said:
'The oblation
which is properly thrown on the fire, goes toward the sun; from the sun comes
rain, from rain food, from food living beings.'
38. He who offers
the Agnihotra breaks through the net of desire. Then, cutting through
bewilderment, never approving of anger, meditating on one desire (that of
liberty), he breaks through the shrine of Brahman with its four nets, and
proceeds thence to the ether. For having there broken through the (four) spheres
of the Sun, the Moon, the Fire, and Goodness, he then, being purified himself,
beholds dwelling in goodness, immovable, immortal, indestructible, firm, bearing
the name of Vishnu, the highest abode, endowed with love of truth and
omniscience, the self-dependent Intelligence (Brahman), standing in its own
greatness. And here they quote:
'In the midst of
the sun stands the moon, in the midst of the moon the fire, in the midst of fire
goodness, in the midst of goodness the Eternal.'
Having meditated
on him who has the breadth of a thumb within the span (of the heart) in the
body, who is smaller than small, he obtains the nature of the Highest; there all
desires are fulfilled. And on this they quote:
'Having the
breadth of a thumb within the span (of the heart) in the body, like the flame of
a lamp, burning twofold or threefold, that glorified Brahman, the great God, has
entered into all the worlds. Om! Adoration to Brahman! Adoration!'
SEVENTH
PRAPATHAKA.
1. Agni, the
Gayatra (metre), the Trivrit (hymn), the Rathantara (song), the spring, the
upward breath (prana), the Nakshatras, the Vasus (deities)-these rise in the
East; they warm, they rain, they praise (the sun), they enter again into him
(the sun), they look out from him (the sun). He (the sun) is inconceivable,
without form, deep, covered, blameless, solid, unfathomable, without qualities,
pure, brilliant, enjoying the play of the three qualities, awful, not caused, a
master-magician, the omniscient, the mighty, immeasurable, without beginning or
end, blissful, unborn, wise, indescribable, the creator of all things, the self
of all things, the enjoyer of all things, the ruler of all things, the centre of
the centre of all things.
2. Indra, the
Trishtubh (metre), the Pankadasa (hymn), the Brihat (song), the summer, the
through-going breath (Vyana), Soma, the Rudras - these rise in the South; they
warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him.
He (the sun) is without end or beginning, unmeasured, unlimited, not to be moved
by another, self-dependent, without sign, without form, of endless power, the
creator, the maker of light.
3. The Maruts,
the Gagati (metre), the Saptadasa (hymn), the Vairupa (song), the rainy season,
the downward breath (apana), Sukra, the Adityas - these rise in the West; they
warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him.
That is the tranquil, the soundless, fearless, sorrowless, joyful, satisfied,
firm, immovable, immortal, eternal, true, the highest abode, bearing the name of
Vishnu.
4. The Visve
Devas, the Anushtubh (metre), the Ekavimsa (hymn), the Vairaga (song), the
autumn, the equal breath (samana), Varuna, the Sadhyas - these rise in the
North; they warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look
out from him. He is pure within, purifying, undeveloped, tranquil, breathless,
selfless, endless.
5. Mitra-Varunau,
the Pankti (metre), the Trinavatrayastrimsa (hymns), the Sakvara-raivata
(songs), the snowy and dewy seasons, the out-going breath (udana), the Angiras,
the Moon - these rise above; they warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again
into him, they look out from him-who is called Pranava (Om), the leader,
consisting of light, without sleep, old age, death, and sorrow.
6. Sani (Saturn),
Rahu and Ketu (the ascending and descending nodes), the serpents, Rakshas,
Yakshas, men, birds, sarabhas, elephants, &c.-these rise below; they warm, they
rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him - he who is
wise, who keeps things in their right place, the centre of all, the
imperishable, the pure, the purifier, the bright, the patient, the tranquil.
7. And he is
indeed the Self, smaller (than small) within the heart, kindled like fire,
endowed with all forms. Of him is all this food, within him all creatures are
woven. That Self is free from sin, free from old age, from death and grief, from
hunger and thirst, imagining nothing but what it ought to imagine, and desiring
nothing but what it ought to desire. He is the highest lord, he is the supreme
master of all beings, the guardian of all beings, a boundary keeping all things
apart in their right places. He the Self, the lord, is indeed Sambhu, Bhava,
Rudra, Pragapati, the creator of all, Hiranyagarbha, the true, breath, the swan,
the ruler, the eternal, Vishnu, Narayana. And he who abides in the fire, and he
who abides in the heart, and he who abides in the sun, they are one and the
same. To thee who art this, endowed with all forms, settled in the true ether,
be adoration!
8. Now follow the
impediments in the way of knowledge, O King! This is indeed the origin of the
net of bewilderment, that one who is worthy of heaven lives with those who are
not worthy of heaven. That is it. Though they have been told that there is a
grove before them, they cling to a small shrub. And others also who are always
merry, always abroad, always begging, always making a living by handiwork; and
others who are begging in towns, performing sacrifices for those who are not
allowed to offer sacrifices, who make themselves the pupils of Sudras, and
Sudras who know the sacred books; and others who are malignant, who use bad
language, dancers, prize-fighters, travelling mendicants, actors, those who have
been degraded in the king's service; and others who for money pretend that they
can lay (the evil influences) of Yakshas, Rakshasas, ghosts, goblins, devils,
serpents, imps, &c.; and others who falsely wear red dresses, earrings, and
skulls; and others who wish to entice by the jugglery of false arguments, mere
comparisons and paralogisms, the believers in the Veda - with all these he
should not live together. They are clearly thieves, and unworthy of heaven. And
thus it is said:
'The world
unsettled by the paralogisms of the denial of Self, by false comparisons and
arguments, does not know what is the difference between Veda and philosophy.'
9. Brihaspati,
having become Sukra, brought forth that false knowledge for the safety of Indra
and for the destruction of the Asuras. By it they show that good is evil, and
that evil is good. They say that we ought to ponder on the (new) law, which
upsets the Veda and the other sacred books. Therefore let no one ponder on that
false knowledge: it is wrong, it is, as it were, barren. Its reward lasts only
as long as the pleasure lasts, as with one who has fallen from his caste. Let
that false science not be attempted, for thus it is said:
(1) Widely
opposed and divergent are these two, the one known as false knowledge, the other
as knowledge. I (Yama) believe Nakiketas to be possessed by a desire of
knowledge; even many pleasures do not move thee.
(2) He who knows
at the same time both the imperfect (sacrifice, &c.) and the perfect knowledge
(of the Self), he crosses death by means of the imperfect, and obtains
immortality by means of the perfect knowledge.
(3) Those who are
wrapped up in the midst of imperfect knowledge, fancying themselves alone wise
and learned, they wander about floundering and deceived, like the blind led by
the blind.
10. The gods and
the demons, wishing to know the Self, went into the presence of Brahman (their
father, Pragapati). Having bowed before him, they said: ‘O blessed one, we wish
to know the Self, do thou tell us.' Then, after having pondered a long while, he
thought, these demons are not yet self-subdued; therefore a very different Self
was told to them (from what was told to the gods). On that Self these deluded
demons take their stand, clinging to it, destroying the true means of salvation
(the Veda), preaching untruth. What is untrue they see as true, as in jugglery.
Therefore, what is taught in the Vedas, that is true. What is said in the Vedas,
on that the wise keep their stand. Therefore let a Brahman not read what is not
of the Veda, or this will be the result.
11. This is
indeed the nature of it (the Veda), the supreme light of the ether which is
within the heart. This is taught as threefold, in the fire, in the sun, in the
breath. This is indeed the nature of it, the syllable Om, of the ether which is
within the heart. By it (by the Om) that (light) starts, rises, breathes forth,
becomes for ever the means of the worship and knowledge of Brahman. That (light,
in the shape of Om), when there is breathing, takes the place of the internal
heat, free from all brightness. This is like the action of smoke; for when there
is a breath of air, the smoke, first rising to the sky in one column, follows
afterwards every bough, envelopes it and takes its shape. It is like throwing
salt (into water), like heating ghee. The Veda comes and goes like the
dissolving view of a master-magician. And here they quote:
'Why then is it
called "like lightning?" Because as soon as it comes forth (as Om) it lights up
the whole body. Therefore let a man worship that boundless light by the syllable
Om.'
(1) The man in
the eye who abides in the right eye, he is Indra, and his wife abides in the
left eye.
(2) The union of
these two takes place in the cavity within the heart, and the ball of blood
which is there, that is indeed the vigour and life of these two.
(3) There is a
channel going from the heart so far, and fixed in that eye; that is the artery
for both of them, being one, divided into two.
(4) The mind
excites the fire of the body, that fire stirs the breath, and the breath, moving
in the chest, produces the low sound.
(5) Brought forth
by the touch of the fire, as with a churning-stick, it is at first a minim, from
the minim it becomes in the throat a double minim; on the tip of the tongue know
that it is a treble minim, and, when uttered, they call it the alphabet (Greek,
stoixeia).
(6) He who sees
this, does not see death, nor disease, nor misery, for seeing he sees all
(objectively, not as affecting him subjectively); he becomes all everywhere (he
becomes Brahman).
(7) There is the
person in the eye, there is he who walks as in sleep, he who is sound asleep,
and he who is above the sleeper: these are the four conditions (of the Self),
and the fourth is greater than all.
(8) Brahman with
one foot moves in the three, and Brahman with three feet is in the last.
It is that both
the true (in the fourth condition) and the untrue (in the three conditions) may
have their desert, that the Great Self (seems to) become two, yes, that he
(seems to) become two
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